Hepatorenal and Cerebral Toxicity Induced by Consumption of Cow Meat Singed with Scrap Tyres: An Experimental Study in a Rat Model
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Submitted
May 1, 2025
Published
December 22, 2025
Keywords:
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Singed cow meat, Oxidative stress, Nephrotoxicity, Hepatotoxicity, Food safety, Scrap tyres
Abstract
Background: The practice of singeing cow meat employing various fuel sources such as firewood, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and scrap tyres is prevalent across West Africa. This practice raises significant food safety concerns due to the potential for toxic chemical contamination.
Aims: This study aimed to investigate the toxicological effects of consuming cow meat singed with LPG, firewood, or waste tyres on hepatic, renal, and cerebral functions in a controlled rat model.
Methods: A 90-day experimental study was conducted using sixty male Wistar rats, randomly allocated into ten groups (n = 6). The animals were fed diets containing various proportions (5:15, 10:10, 15:5) of singed cow meat and standard laboratory feed. Biochemical assays were performed to assess oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde [MDA], 4-hydroxynonenal [4-HNE], total antioxidant capacity [TAC], glutathione [GSH]), hepatic function indices (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], bilirubin, total protein, albumin), and renal biomarkers (blood urea nitrogen [BUN], creatinine, uric acid). Histopathological analyses of liver, kidney, and brain tissues were also conducted.
Results: Rats fed a diet containing tyre-singed meat exhibited significant (p < 0.01) increases in oxidative stress markers (MDA, 4-HNE) and biomarkers indicative of hepatic (ALT, AST, bilirubin) and renal (BUN, creatinine, uric acid) dysfunction compared to those fed LPG- or firewood-signed meat. Antioxidant parameters (GSH, TAC) were markedly depleted. Histopathological examination revealed severe hepatic necrosis, renal tubular degeneration, and neuronal damage in the tyre-singed meat group, whereas LPG-singed meat caused minor alterations.
Conclusions: These findings indicate that consumption of tyre-singed cow meat poses substantial risk of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and systemic oxidative stress, raising critical food safety hazard. Strict regulatory enforcement and public awareness campaigns are urgently required to eliminate the use of hazardous materials such as tyres in meat processing.
Keywords: Singed cow meat; Oxidative stress, Nephrotoxicity, Hepatotoxicity, Food safety, Scrap tyres.
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References
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Adenuga, B. M., & Montowska, M. (2023). The Nigerian meat industry: An overview of products’ market, fraud situations, and potential ways out. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria, 22(3), 305–329. https://doi.org/10.17306/J.AFS.2023.1157
Alvarez-Mon, M. A., Ortega, M. A., García-Montero, C., Fraile-Martinez, O., Lahera, G., Monserrat, J., Gomez-Lahoz, A. M., Molero, P., Gutierrez-Rojas, L., Rodriguez-Jimenez, R., Quintero, J., & Alvarez-Mon, M. (2022). Differential malondialdehyde (MDA) detection in plasma samples of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD): A potential biomarker. The Journal of International Medical Research, 50(5), 3000605221094995. https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605221094995
Barsouk, A., Thandra, K. C., Saginala, K., & Rawla, P. (2021). Reply to chemical risk factors of primary liver cancer: A short comment Response to letter. Hepatic Medicine: Evidence and Research, 13, 145–146. https://doi.org/10.2147/HMER.S352746
Bukowska, B., Mokra, K., & Michałowicz, J. (2022). Benzo a pyrene—Environmental occurrence, human exposure, and mechanisms of toxicity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(11), 6348. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116348
Carlsten, C., Salvi, S., Wong, G. W., & Chung, K. F. (2020). Personal strategies to minimise effects of air pollution on respiratory health: Advice for providers, patients and the public. European Respiratory Journal, 55(6), 2056. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02056-2019
El‐Desoky, G. E., Wabaidur, S. M., AlOthman, Z. A., & Habila, M. A. (2022). Evaluation of Nano‐curcumin effects against Tartrazine‐induced abnormalities in liver and kidney histology and other biochemical parameters. Food Science & Nutrition, 10(5), 1344-1356. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2790
Ephraim-Emmanuel, B. C., & Ordinioha, B. (2021). Exposure and public health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. International Journal of Toxicology, 40(3), 250–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/10915818211002487
Ganesan, D., Albert, A., Paul, E., Ananthapadmanabhan, K., Andiappan, R., & Sadasivam, S. G. (2020). Rutin ameliorates metabolic acidosis and fibrosis in alloxan induced diabetic nephropathy and cardiomyopathy in experimental rats. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 471, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-020-03758-y
Gbenga, O. O., Ideozu, R. U., & Osu, C. I. (2023). Potentially toxic substances in singed and unsinged cow skin from selected abattoirs consumed in Port Harcourt Metropolis. Science, 11(2), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-023-00817-6
George-Opuda, I. M., & Adegoke, A. O. (2024). Effects of maize cob (Zea mays) on nickel induced liver toxicity in female Wistar rat. Sokoto Journal of Medical Laboratory Science, 9(4), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjmls.v9i4.11
Gideon, M., Muazu, U., Mamman, A. J., & Duniya, E. K. (2024). Assessing heavy metal contamination in singed goat meat: Insights from hot water and scrap car tire singeing on public health and environmental safety. ChemRxiv. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2024-xmp0d
Goutam Mukherjee, A., Ramesh Wanjari, U., Eladl, M. A., El-Sherbiny, M., Elsherbini, D. M. A., Sukumar, A., ... & Valsala Gopalakrishnan, A. (2022). Mixed contaminants: Occurrence, interactions, toxicity, detection, and remediation. Molecules, 27(8), 2577. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082577
Hassan, W., Shrestha, P., Sumida, K., Thomas, F., Sweeney, P. L., Potukuchi, P. K., ... & Kovesdy, C. P. (2022). Association of uric acid–lowering therapy with incident chronic kidney disease. JAMA Network Open, 5(6), e2215878. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.15878
Hill, T. D. (2015). Public health implications associated with the practice of utilizing tires to singe meat in three major cities of Ghana: A concurrent mixed methods study (Publication No. 1350) Doctoral dissertation, Georgia Southern University. Electronic Theses and Dissertations. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1350
Hinton, D. E., Segner, H., & Braunbeck, T. (2017). Toxic responses of the liver. In Target organ toxicity in marine and freshwater teleosts (pp. 224–268). CRC Press.
Jedrychowski, W. A., Perera, F. P., Majewska, R., Mrozek-Budzyn, D., Mroz, E., Roen, E. L., ... & Jacek, R. (2015). Depressed height gain of children associated with intrauterine exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals: The cohort prospective study. Environmental Research, 136, 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.047
Kumar, R., Kumari, V. V., Gujjar, R. S., Kumari, M., Goswami, S. K., Datta, J., ... & Hossain, A. (2024). Evaluating the imazethapyr herbicide mediated regulation of phenol and glutathione metabolism and antioxidant activity in lentil seedlings. PeerJ, 12, e16370. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16370
Kuppusamy, S., Maddela, N. R., Megharaj, M., & Venkateswarlu, K. (2020). Total petroleum hydrocarbons. In Environmental fate, toxicity, and remediation (pp. 139–165). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24035-6_6
Lazic, S. E., Semenova, E., & Williams, D. P. (2020). Determining organ weight toxicity with Bayesian causal models: Improving on the analysis of relative organ weights. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 6625. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63465-y
Lee, H. S., & Kim, J. K. (2024). Analysis of factors affecting blood urea nitrogen levels and the role of C-reactive protein in elderly patients undergoing dialysis. Asian Pacific Journal of Clinical Research and Innovation. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.47116/apjcri.2024.08.30
Liao, Q., Huang, L., Cai, F., Luo, W., Li, M., Yang, J., ... & Zheng, J. (2024). Metabolomics perspectives into the co-exposure effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals on renal function: A meet-in-the-middle approach. Science of The Total Environment, 921, 170975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170975
Monks, P. S., Allan, J. D., Carruthers, D., Carslaw, D. C., Fuller, G. W., Harrison, R. M., ... & Willis, P. (2020). Non-methane volatile organic compounds in the UK. Air Quality Expert Group. https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/library/reports.php?report_id=1003
Nsonwu-Anyanwu, A. C., Nsonwu, M. C., Bebia, D. P., Fabian, U. A., Offor, S. J., Egete, P. D., & Usoro, C. (2021). Chronic exposure to toluene and heavy metals and changes in indices of liver function, inflammation and oxidative DNA damage among automobile workers. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology, 10(2), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.22038/apjmt.2021.18229
Obasi, I. C., Ohaeri, O. C., Ijioma, S. N., Okoro, B. C., & Ugbogu, E. A. (2023). Inhalation of smoke from burning tire triggers oxidative stress and impairs liver and kidney functions in rats. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 32(5), 837–846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-023-03493-y
Okareh, O. T., Okafor, U. S., & Akinyemi, M. O. (2021). Health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in roasted meat commonly consumed in South-west Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(45), 68306–68316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15370-1
Paranjape, V. V., & Garcia-Pereira, F. (2024). Physiology, pathophysiology, and anesthetic management of patients with hepatic disease. In Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia: The sixth edition of Lumb and Jones (pp. 847–861). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119830306.ch40
Qi, W., Fu, Y., Zhao, M., He, H., Tian, X., Hu, L., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer immunoassay for alkaline phosphatase using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1097, 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.10.073
Qiao, H., Morioka, Y., Wang, D., Liu, K., Gao, S., Wake, H., ... & Nishibori, M. (2023). Protective effects of an anti-4-HNE monoclonal antibody against liver injury and lethality of endotoxemia in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology, 950, 175702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175702
Rahman, H. H., Niemann, D., & Munson-McGee, S. H. (2022). Association of chronic kidney disease with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the US population. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(16), 24024–24034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17479-2
Sunu, N. E. (2014). Comparative assessment of heavy metal levels in animal hide singed with motor vehicle scrap tyres and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as source of fuel Doctoral dissertation, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. KNUST Research Repository. https://ir.knust.edu.gh/handle/123456789/6699
Tartaglione, A. M., Racca, A., & Ricceri, L. (2023). Developmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Focus on benzo a pyrene neurotoxicity. Reproductive Toxicology, 119, 108394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108394
Tay, C. K., Doamekpor, L. K., Mohammed, S., Dartey, G., Kuddy, R., Fianyaglo, E., & Mawuena, M. (2022). Health risk assessment and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in commercially available singed cowhide within the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 30(1), 13–34.
Thirumoorthy, N., Senthilkumaran, R., Panayappan, L., Thandapani, B., & Ranganathan, K. (2022). Glutathione as oxidative stress marker in cancer. In Handbook of oxidative stress in cancer: Mechanistic aspects (pp. 353–372). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4501-6_29-1
Ugochukwu, A., Zhiri, J. E., & Boniface, O. O. (2018). Effect of singeing methods on carcass qualities and sensory properties of Red Sokoto buck muscle. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 34(4), 443–453. https://doi.org/10.2298/BAH1804443U
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Authors
Abdulai, P. M. ., Ezejiofor, A. N. ., Odinga-Israel, T.-B., Umeji, T. C. ., Ekhator, O. C. ., Firempong, C. K. ., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2025). Hepatorenal and Cerebral Toxicity Induced by Consumption of Cow Meat Singed with Scrap Tyres: An Experimental Study in a Rat Model. The North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 9(20), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.9.20.323-338
Copyright (c) 2025 Prosper Manu Abdulai, Anthoneth Ndidi Ezejiofor, Tamuno-Boma, Odinga-Israel, Theresa C. Umeji, Osazuwa Clinton Ekhator, Caleb Kesse Firempong, Orish Ebere Orisakwe
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